Editor-in-Chief: Prof. (Dr.) Afroz Alam Publishing Model: Fully Open Access Publication Frequency PhytoTalks publishes one volume per year, comprising four quarterly issues released in March, June, September, and December. Articles are published exclusively within their respective scheduled issues. PhytoTalks (online ISSN: 3049-0677) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the global dissemination of high-quality research in botanical sciences. It covers a broad spectrum of plant-related disciplines, including plant, agricultural, and horticultural sciences; microbiology; biotechnology; phytochemistry; aquatic botany; and diverse plant groups. The journal also emphasizes emerging and interdisciplinary themes such as algae-based biofuels, phytoremediation, transgenic plants, climate change, stress physiology, molecular biology, organic farming, and ethnobotany. Indexing & Abstracting Dimensions | OpenAlex | Google Scholar | WorldCat (OCLC) | BASE | Scilit | ROAD | Semantic Scholar | EZB | Library Hub Discover | Harvard Library Discovery & Access J-Gate | R Discovery | Research4Life | BroZine Library | Cosmos | LiveDNA Metrics & Evaluation PlumX (Elsevier) | CiteFactor | SJIF | Index Copernicus | EuroPub | ABCD | ASCI Publishing & Ethics Crossref DOI | DORA | Journal Checker Tool | ORCID | ReviewerCredits Research Networks ResearchGate | ResearchBib | Scholar9 | ACSE UGC & Accreditation Recognition: Articles are eligible for API Scores as per UGC Guidelines (2018), credited for CAS, NBA, NAAC, NIRF, ARIIA, and the journal is recognized under UGC CARE per the UGC Public Notice – Feb 11, 2025 Aim and Scope PhytoTalks promotes sustainable research and scientific dialogue addressing global environmental challenges, biodiversity conservation, and the responsible management of natural resources. The journal publishes peer-reviewed original articles, reviews, case reports, editorials, and short communications across the plant and environmental sciences, including agriculture, ecology, biotechnology, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, plant systematics, and related disciplines.
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Role of Lemna minor L. In Phytoremediation and Reduction of Pollutants of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
Pulp and paper mill industrial effluents have pollution load in relation to their physicochemical characteristics, exceeding the standard recommended permissible limits set by various agencies. The aquatic macrophytes were found to alter the pH from alkaline to neutral pH in almost every industrial effluent. Changes in pH were dependent mainly upon the duration of the treatment methods adopted. The changes in physicochemical characteristics of paper mill effluent because of phytoremediation by Lemna minor L. were elaborated in this experiment. In this study, the TDS, DO, BOD, and COD values of pulp and paper mill effluent were significantly reduced by the application of Lemna minor L. The data demonstrated a reduction of TDS, BOD, and COD parameters dependent on concentration and duration. The results of the phytoremediation experiment are very effective for the reduction of pollutants in paper mill effluent. Data indicates that Lemna minor L. plants were significant in maintaining the physico-chemical characteristics of the effluent concentration at various exposure durations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahul Verma, Savita Verma, Priya Kushwaha, Amit Kumar Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Morpho-taxonomic and phylogenetic characterization of Artomyces pyxidatus (Auriscalpiaceae) from the western Himalayas, India
In this present communication, Artomyces pyxidatus, belonging to the family Auriscalpiaceae, is described from the state of Uttarakhand as a new record for the region with molecular phylogeny. It was found in association with Quercus leucotrichophora and is characterized by being gregarious, repeatedly branched, smooth, and whitish to pale yellowish at first and sometimes darkening to pale tan or brown; it tastes peppery-acrid. Artomyces pyxidatus is presented here as a new record for the Uttarakhand mycobiota, and its identity is based on detailed morphology, anatomy, and nrITS-based phylogeny.
Uttarakhand, new record, nrITS, Taxonomy, Phylogeny
Copyright (c) 2025 Shikha Choudhary, Yash Pal Sharma, Priyanka Uniyal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dose-Dependent Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth, Antioxidative Enzymes, and Yield of Pearl Millet
Zinc is an essential micronutrient required for optimal plant growth, metabolism, and yield; however, zinc deficiency remains a major constraint to cereal production under intensive agricultural systems. Recent advances in nanotechnology have highlighted zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as a promising alternative to conventional Zn fertilizers due to their enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. The present study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of ZnO-NPs on growth performance, antioxidative enzymes activity, and yield attributes of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. Plants were treated with graded concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2 and 10 ppm) of ZnO-NPs through foliar application, and their effects were compared. Plants exhibited a concentration-dependent response to ZnO nanoparticle application, with significant enhancement in vegetative growth, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and enzymatic antioxidant defense up to 2 ppm. However, at higher concentrations (10 ppm), vegetative growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis declined, indicating the onset of phytotoxic effects. The application of ZnO nanoparticles at 2 ppm was the most effective treatment, significantly enhancing shoot and root biomass, chlorophyll content, tiller production, panicle weight, and seed weight compared to other concentrations. Growth parameters, including plant height, biomass accumulation, and leaf area, were significantly enhanced at optimal concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Furthermore, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)-were markedly increased, indicating improved regulation of oxidative stress and enhanced cellular protection. However, higher doses of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) led to a decline in physiological performance, indicating potential phytotoxic effects at excessive concentrations. Yield attributes, such as grain weight and panicle length, were optimized at moderate ZnO-NP application rates. Overall, the findings demonstrate that judicious application of ZnO-NPs can improve growth, antioxidant defense, and yield of pearl millet, highlighting their potential role in sustainable micronutrient management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajneesh Kumar Prajapati, Amit Kumar Dixit, Girish Chandra Pathak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In Memoriam: Dr. Palpu Pushpangadan (1944–2025)
Copyright (c) 2025 Afroz Alam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultivation of “Badri Berry” (Hippophae salicifolia D. Don) for multiple profit with special reference to natural demographic surveys of Uttarakhand Himalayas
Sea buckthorn, the “Badri Berry” (Hippophae salicifolia D. Don) of Uttarakhand, is an important medicinal plant that is grown naturally in extremely cold conditions in cold desert areas of this Himalayan state. The plant has high medicinal importance but was unknown to the general public till the recent past. With general awareness of its modern traits recently, it has gained global attention due to its nutritional and therapeutic properties. It is one of the most important underutilized plants at high altitudes in the cold desert region of the Himalayas, including J&K, Himachal, and Uttarakhand. It has immense industrial, medicinal, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical importance and has a lot of potential as a bio-resource for land reclamation because of its ability to bind soil, provide rapid surface cover, fix nitrogen, and endure cold and drought. However, research on sea buckthorn is still limited due to recent awareness among people in general. This brief review and research data summarize the demographic status, economic potential, multiple uses, and properties, consequently, which may lead to its large-scale conservation, cultivation, and utilization within the state and country. Sea buckthorn, which will give momentum to recognize it as an exceptional plant in the state of Uttarakhand.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhan Singh Bisht, Abhishek Triapthi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Keera Jari/ Himalayan Viagra): Pharmacological properties and their therapeutic potential
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Keera jari), also known as caterpillar fungus, is a member of the Ophiocordycipitaceae family of fungi that parasitizes ghost moth larvae and produces a fruiting body valued as herbal medicine. Due to its numerous uses in the pharmaceutical and medical fields, Cordyceps species are commonly referred to as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Keera jari has been acknowledged in Nepal for many years, and in India it is known as ‘keera jari’ or ‘keera ghas.’ It is among the most promising therapeutic mushrooms in the world. People all throughout the world use the caterpillar fungus for its tremendous therapeutic properties. It grows between 3500 and 4500 meters above sea level on the upper Himalayan plateau. This review's goal is to gather information on Keera jari (Yarsagumba), including its history, cultivation, taxonomic traits, several medicinal applications, and phytochemical research that has been done thus far.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhishek Tripathi, Arvind Kumar Bhandari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hippophae salicifolia D. Don.: The “Badri Berry
The genus Hippophae, also referred to as sea buckthorn, is a rare, valuable, and miraculous plant found in temperate regions. It is well-known for its biological activity and abundance of nutritionally active ingredients, as well as its tremendous therapeutic potential. The natural habitat of sea buckthorn extends widely. Hippophae sp. found in the Ladakh region is famous as ‘Leh berry,’ which is Hippophae rhamnoides, whereas in the Himalayas of Uttarakhand the species found is H. salicifolia. Ancient Indian literature depicts the forest of this berry in the Uttarakhand Himalayas, especially in the region of Shri Badarinath Dham, but the present scenario is unaware of this.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhishek Tripathi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Cultural and Healing Worth of Pteridophytes: An Ethnobotanical Impression
Pteridophytes, one of the ancient plant groups, have been utilized in the ethnic and therapeutic practices of many cultures. They comprise lycophytes and ferns. These primitive "vascular cryptogams" are much more than decorative plants from the evolutionary past; pteridophytes have been used multifariously in customary medications as a valuable constituent of ethnobotany. Apart from therapeutic uses, these plants are used as sacrament plants, foods, homely items, and culturally distinct symbols all through Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. For centuries, species like Adiantum capillus-veneris, Drynaria quercifolia, Pteris multifida, and Selaginella bryopteris have been employed in conventional medical systems like Unani, Ayurveda, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Currently, many indigenous peoples still use locally grown species of pteridophytes for daily nutrition and useful remedies. Regardless of their widespread cultural presence, these plants are still less studied in contemporary materia medica. However, an array of bioactive chemicals with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potentials have recently been found. This review reveals the perpetual implication of pteridophytes and gives importance to the need to sustain traditional knowledge, lift the sustainable use, and explore their potential in upcoming drug invention by amalgamating global ethnobotanical acquaintance with modern scientific understandings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soumya, Supriya Kumari Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bryophytes: Ecosystem Engineers in Soil, Carbon, and Water Cycles
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are constituents of bryophytes, the oldest groups of terrestrial plants, i.e., avascular cryptogams. These plants are vital components of ecosystems, as they carry out vivacious ecological functions regardless of their small size and simple thallus organization. In unadorned or disturbed soils, they are the main colonists beside lichens, starting the soil formation through the accumulation of organic matter with the aid of microbial communities. By accumulating carbon in both terrestrial and some aquatic systems, bryophytes subsidize climate upholding and play a key role in the overall carbon cycle. These miniature plants also have a huge impact on hydrological procedures through soil erosion alleviation, surface runoff reduction, and water retention. Away from their roles in ecosystem engineering, these simple plants are becoming more broadly recognized for their ability to reinstate habitat, act as bioindicators of climatic stress, and reinforce ecosystem elasticity in the face of environmental stress. The biology, ecological roles, and physiology of bryophytes are abridged in this review, highlighting their worth for safeguarding tactics, restoration ecology, and climate change alleviation. In the era of global ecological challenges, a better consideration of these earliest land plants can help to manage ecosystems sustainably and reinforce efforts to safeguard biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anupriya Gautam, Tripti Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Severe Infestation of Killer Mistletoe on Toona ciliata in New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Toona ciliata M. Roem. is a big tree with various economic uses. Mistletoes are partial parasites that attack a number of commercially important tree crops, resulting in the declining quality and quantity of the end product. In the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Toon trees are planted as avenue trees at different locations and are infested by mistletoe. The aim of the study was to identify the mistletoe species and to assess the infestation. The mistletoe species was identified as Scurrula pulverulenta (Wall.) G. Don. A study reveals varying levels of mistletoe infestation in the branches of Toon trees. In most cases, the infestation is in the initial stages, though some trees showed severe infestation. Suitable management strategies to check infestation are suggested.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anup Chandra, Praveen Kumar Verma, Shanza Baig (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of chemically characterized Citrus sinensis L. essential oil as botanical fungitoxicant against fungal deterioration of stored mustard oilseeds
The study deals with the bioactive efficacy of Citrus sinensis L. essential oil (CSEO) against some storage fungi contaminating stored oilseeds of mustard (Brassica compestris L.). The average pH and percent moisture content of collected stored oilseeds of mustard ranged from 5.36 to 5.43 and 9.22 to 10.03%, respectively. Stored oilseeds of mustard were found associated with various storage moulds. During mycological screening of oilseeds, a total of 642 fungal isolates was recovered from three different stored samples. The percent occurrence frequency of sample 3 was found to be the highest (37.85%), whereas sample 1 exhibited the lowest (29.12%). The highest cumulative percent relative density was recorded in Cladosporium sp. (21.65%), followed by Aspergillus niger (18.06%) and Aspergillus flavus (11.37%), while the lowest relative density was found in Aspergillus nidulans (1.40%), followed by 1.86% in both Aspergillus candidus and Aspergillus terreus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CSEO against Aspergillus flavus was recorded at 100 µg/ml. CSEO also exhibited broad-spectrum fungitoxicity and was also comparable to the synthetic fungicide diphenylamine as well as having significant antioxidant activity (IC50 22.82). The chemotype of CSEO was determined by GC/GC-MS analysis, which showed 26 constituents. DL-Limonene was found to be the major component (90.44%), followed by linalyl acetate (2.80%) and β-myrcene (1.71%), whereas other compounds were in traces. The prospects of exploitation of CSEO as an acceptable plant-based additive in qualitative as well as quantitative control of biodeterioration of stored oilseeds have been discussed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Punam Prasad, Sanyogita Kumari, Ashok Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Effects of IAA with BAP and Kinetin on In Vitro Callus Induction and Shoot Regeneration in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a nutritionally and economically important crop, widely cultivated and recognized as a model plant in genetic and physiological studies. Despite its significance, tomato productivity is limited by biotic and abiotic stresses, underscoring the need for efficient in vitro regeneration systems to facilitate crop improvement. In this study, tomato variety ‘Arka Sourabh’ was used to evaluate the effect of different hormone combinations on callus induction and shoot organogenesis. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in combination with two different cytokinins, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (Kn), to evaluate their comparative effects on callus induction and shoot regeneration. The combination of IAA (0.4 mg/L) and kinetin (0.2 mg/L) induced profuse callus formation without subsequent organogenesis, while IAA (2.5 mg/L) with BAP (2.5 mg/L) promoted direct shoot regeneration after 10-15 days of culture initiation. Among the tested treatments, the IAA and BAP combination was found to be most effective for shoot induction from stem nodal cuttings. These results demonstrate that the cytokinin type plays a critical role in determining morphogenic responses in tomato, with BAP favoring shoot differentiation and kinetin enhancing callus proliferation. The optimized protocol can be applied in future studies involving genetic transformation and large-scale clonal propagation of tomato.
Copyright (c) 2025 Darshana Prabhakaran, Tajo Abraham (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Wild Edible Fruits: Nature’s Forgotten Feast
It is easy to forget that India's forests still serve a far richer, wilder feast in an era when supermarket shelves are stocked to overflowing with hybrid fruits in glitzy packaging. Fruits that have fed generations of people are hidden away in these verdant cathedrals; they are inexpensive, tasty, and nutrient-dense. The unsung heroes of our natural and cultural heritage are these wild edible fruits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Praveen Kumar Verma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Nickel in Plants Growth and Regulation: Essential in Trace and Toxic in Excess
Nickel (Ni) is essential heavy metal (HMs), it is required for plant growth and metabolism in trace amount, but it becomes toxic threat for plants in higher concentration. Ni is indeed a transition element that mainly exists in +2 oxidation state (Ni²⁺) and occurs in various salt forms such as NiSO₄, NiCl₂, and Ni(II)-EDTA, which exhibiting different levels of toxicity. Nickel contamination in the environment originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources; however, industrial activities such as mining, smelting, and alloy production are the primary contributors. These processes have led to widespread nickel pollution, posing a significant global environmental threat due to the extensive use of nickel in industrial and consumer products. Ni is a part of metabolically important enzyme urease, but in excess leads to its toxicity. Excess Ni shows some visible symptoms like chlorosis, wilting and bleaching (after long exposure of excess Ni) and it checked plant growth, decreased photosynthesis, and altered enzyme activity, initially due to its competition with other elements (such as Fe) for uptake. In some research it is found that Ni initially accumulates in plant roots, also found in low concentration in plant stems and leaves. Understanding the impact of Ni on plant physiological and biochemical processes—especially its role in nutrient imbalance and oxidative stress—is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate its detrimental effects on plants, the environment, and agricultural productivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nilu Singh, Divya Dubey, Rajiv Dwivedi, Girish Chandra Pathak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Algal Symbiosis to the Ecological Success of Angiosperms
The success of angiosperms (flowering plants) is heavily reliant on their partnerships with algae, a crucial, yet often underestimated, form of symbiotic interaction. This review delves into the complex relationships between angiosperms and algae, highlighting the various types, processes, and ecological significance of these symbiotic bonds. It first examines the different forms of algal symbiosis—including endosymbiosis, epiphytic symbiosis, cyanobacterial symbiosis, and photo symbiosis—each playing a unique role in the plant's physiological and ecological processes. The discussion then moves to the molecular and cellular mechanics that underpin these partnerships, emphasizing the critical interdependencies and nutrient exchanges that sustain them. Furthermore, we analyzed the genetic control of these symbioses, showcasing the precise genes and pathways involved in their initiation and maintenance. This detailed analysis underscores the vital role algal symbiosis plays in enhancing angiosperms' adaptation, particularly in challenging environments, and offers broader insights into the connections within ecology and evolution.
Copyright (c) 2025 NIKITA GUPTA, Deepshikha Gupta, Rajveer Singh Chauhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanisms of Auxin Signalling Pathways in Plants: A Comprehensive Review
Auxin is considered the first phytohormone identified for its ability to induce apical growth in plants. Auxin is essential for initiating complex growth and developmental processes in nearly every plant species. Auxin is formed through metabolic processes and then transported to elongation zones, where it induces cell expansion. Auxin biosynthesis occurs primarily in the apical meristems of shoots, young leaves, and developing seeds, and is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Auxin regulates numerous growth responses in plants, such as phototropism, geotropism, cell maintenance, and organ formation. To mediate these responses and their diverse functions, the nuclear auxin signalling pathway involves several key components. This modular structure allows this pathway to elicit diverse transcriptional responses depending on cellular and environmental conditions. This molecular process facilitates rapid transitions between gene repression and activation. This study outlines the contemporary paradigm of TIR1/AFB-dependent auxin signalling and highlights recent research breakthroughs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bilal Akhtar, Rajneesh Kumar Prajapati, Amit Kumar Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultivating the Future: Next-Generation Agriculture Biotechnology
Agricultural sector is facing many new challenges such as climate change, rapidly increasing world population and the scarcity of resources due to ever increasing population. With climate change, population growth and resource depletion pose an unprecedented threat to global food security. While with the technological advances with time, new techniques have emerged which helped researchers to analyze and develop new cultivars in crops. The future of agriculture biotech is swift to transform the farm industry, offering new-age solutions for world issues. The present chapter deals with recent advancements in Agricultural biotechnology (specifically cutting-edge genome editing techniques and their role in crop improvement) by giving detail about the up-to-date gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9, ZFN and TALEN regarding its mechanisms, advantages of disadvantages of each type with respect to recently developed prime-editing technique which is considered as generation-next advancement. These new techniques provide unprecedented accuracy during genetic modifications. Various aspects of synthetic biology including 'omics' approaches are also discussed here. The present techniques may be useful to improve crop traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and nutritional content in different crop genotypes. The pros and cons of using these technologies to speed up breeding programs, develop new traits or to solve important agricultural issues are also discussed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Swapnil Srivastava, Manoj Kumar Yadav, Pooja Saklani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Amomum subulatum Roxb. (Angiosperms; Zingiberaceae): A species that can change the livelihood of mountain inhabitants of Uttarakhand, Himalaya
Amomum subulatum, commonly known as black or large cardamom (Badi Elaichi), is cultivated in many regions of the state of Uttarakhand. In Uttarakhand, most of the farmers grow this species for self-use and not for commercial purposes. However, the species has the potential to change the socio-economic conditions of the farmers of the region. The present study was designed to analyze the profit of different traditional cash crops of the region and compare it to the profit earned by cultivating large cardamom. Frequent surveys and field visits carried out together provided information on rates per kg of the species studied. Data on yield per hectare was obtained from the department of Horticulture, Uttarakhand, while yield per hectare of large cardamom was obtained from the Herbal Research and Development Institute. It is observed that cultivating large cardamoms is much more profitable than other spice crops such as onion, tomato, garlic, chilli and coriander. Per hectare production of different species was 10 MT (onion), 11 MT (tomato), 6.7 MT (garlic), 3.6 MT (chilli) and 4.8 MT (coriander), while the yield of large cardamom is 0.25 MT per hectare. The rates per kg for different species are Rs. 10.00 (onion), Rs. 15.00 (tomato), Rs. 45 (garlic), Rs. 55 (chilli) and Rs. 60 (coriander), while the rate of large cardamom is Rs. 1500 per kg. Thus, net profit per hectare per year was 1.00 Lakh for onion, 1.65 Lakh for tomato, 3.01 lakh for garlic, 1.98 for chilli, 2.88 Lakh for coriander, while for large cardamom the net profit is 2.70 lakh per hectare. Comparing the net profit of large cardamom with other spices studied indicated that, cultivation of large cardamom is 5.02 times profitable than onion, 2.18 times profitable than tomato, 1.38 times profitable than garlic, 1.96 times profitable than chilli and 1.20 times more profitable than coriander. Findings of present study clearly indicate that cultivating large cardamom is more profitable and hence considering the economic benefit and presence of preferable habitat in mountain regions of Uttarakhand, large scale cultivation should be promoted so that the livelihood of the farmer can be improved.
Diatom-Based Multifunctional Biogenic Nanostructures in Water Purification: From Mechanistic Understanding to Innovative Applications
The intensifying global water crisis, driven by industrial expansion, population pressures, and climate variability, necessitates transformative and sustainable purification technologies. Diatoms—unicellular microalgae encased in intricately nano- and micro-structured silica frustules—and their fossilized derivative, diatomaceous earth (DE), have emerged as multifunctional platforms for water treatment. Their hierarchical porosity, exceptional surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical tunability underpin the removal of a wide spectrum of contaminants, including heavy metals, synthetic dyes, pathogenic microorganisms, and emerging pollutants such as microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This review consolidates current advances in understanding the physicochemical and biological pathways of diatom-mediated remediation, encompassing adsorption, ion exchange, photocatalysis, and biofilm-driven processes. Recent progress in surface functionalization, nanocomposite integration, and photocatalytic coupling is critically evaluated, along with innovations that link diatom systems to constructed wetlands, phytoremediation frameworks, and circular bioeconomy models. Case studies across global regions, with emphasis on Indian contexts, highlight techno-economic feasibility and socio-environmental relevance. Emerging frontiers, including nanotechnology-enabled hybrids, machine learning-assisted predictive modeling, and life cycle sustainability assessment, are identified as accelerators of translational deployment. Persistent challenges, notably regeneration efficiency, safe disposal of contaminant-loaded DE, and competition with membrane technologies, are also examined. Collectively, this synthesis positions diatoms as both biological sentinels and material platforms, charting strategic pathways for next-generation, climate-resilient water purification systems. This review provides a critical assessment of the physicochemical processes governing contaminant removal, highlights recent innovations in diatom functionalization that enhance reactivity, and explores the incorporation of diatom-derived biosilica into nanocomposite materials and advanced filtration platforms. Additionally, it assesses the scalability, economic viability, and ecological implications of implementing diatom-based technologies in real-world water treatment applications. By pinpointing existing research gaps and technological constraints, the article proposes strategic pathways for interdisciplinary investigations aimed at fully leveraging the potential of diatoms in shaping next-generation water purification solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Simoni Singhal, Prateek Srivastava, Jyoti Verma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Differential Ion Partitioning and Salinity Tolerance in Willow (Salix spp.) Clones under Semi-Arid Conditions
Salinity is a major abiotic stress that disrupts ion balance, reduces nutrient uptake, and limits plant growth. This study investigated differential ion partitioning and salinity tolerance in ten willow (Salix spp.) clones under semi-arid conditions. Seedlings were irrigated with four saline water regimes (4, 8, 12, and 16 dS/m) for up to 105 days, and sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and Na⁺: K⁺ ratios were quantified in leaves, stems, and roots. Sodium content increased progressively with salinity, with roots (0.60%) retaining more than stems (0.56%) and leaves (0.30%). In contrast, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ declined, while Na⁺: K⁺ ratios rose sharply, reflecting ionic imbalance. Genotypic differences were evident: clone 131/25 maintained higher K⁺ and lower Na⁺: K⁺ ratios across tissues, indicating superior ionic regulation, whereas PN731 was more sensitive. The results suggest that salinity tolerance in willow is closely linked to the capacity for differential ion partitioning, particularly the restriction of Na⁺ accumulation in metabolically active tissues. These findings highlight the potential of salt-tolerant willow clones for afforestation, biomass production, and rehabilitation of semi-arid saline lands, and provide physiological markers for breeding and selection.
Copyright (c) 2025 T N Manohara, Neha Saini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Herbal Tea Blended from Three Indigenous Medicinal Herbs
In recent years, herbal teas have gained popularity among consumers and are prepared from plants other than the Camellia genus. It is widely consumed around the world because it is believed to have health benefits and possess antioxidant potential. Therefore, the present study aimed to formulate an herbal tea blend using three indigenous medicinal plants [Ocimum gratissimum L, Ocimum tenuiflorum L, and Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis] by sustainably processing them through solar drying, and to evaluate their quantitative phytochemical characterization and sensory acceptability. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the 15-minute boiled sample exhibited the highest levels of TPC (147.98± 0.000 mg GAE/g), TFC (8.26±0.000 mg QE/g), and TTC (191.9± 0.0005 mg TAE/g), while the 2-minute sample also retained appreciable levels (TPC: 120.37±0.002 mg GAE/g; TFC: 0.013±0.000 mg QE/g; TTC: 35.5±0.0005 mg TAE/g), highlighting its suitability for instant formulations such as sachets. Additionally, the formulated blend consistently outperformed a commercial herbal tea (Organic India) across all parameters. Sensory evaluation showed favourable consumer responses regarding colour, aroma, taste, and mouthfeel. These findings suggest that both extended and short-duration boiling can yield health-beneficial infusions, supporting the broader application of indigenous herbs in functional beverage development
Copyright (c) 2025 Shivam Talekar, Murali Kondeboina, L.R. Lakshmikanta Panda, Yogita Yadav (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mistletoe (Viscum nepalense Spreng.) Infestation in Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.): Ecological Implications and Conservation Concerns in Protected Forests of Southern India
Extensive field surveys in Karnataka’s Bhadra Tiger Reserve and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary documented a severe infestation of Dalbergia latifolia (Indian rosewood) by the hemiparasitic mistletoe Viscum nepalense. D. latifolia, a slow-growing and high-value timber species, exhibited reduced flowering, fruiting, and regeneration under parasitic pressure, with severe infestations causing branch dieback and host mortality. Since birds serve as the main agents of seed dispersal, there is growing concern that the mistletoe could spread more rapidly under shifting climatic conditions. Considering the ecological significance and commercial value of rosewood, unchecked infestations pose a serious threat to biodiversity, forest composition, and the long-term availability of high-quality timber. These observations emphasise the pressing need for regular monitoring, stakeholder awareness, and coordinated management interventions to curb the impact of Viscum nepalense on tropical forest ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 TN Manohara, S.M. Balakrishna, Akshatha Madabhavi, G. Srinivasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Machine Learning-Based Evaluation of Nutrient Distribution in Grafted Cucumber Plants
This study investigated the effects of different grafting combinations on nutrient (Mg, S, Fe, B) accumulation and transport in cucumber plants, combining conventional analyses with machine learning. Greenhouse experiments compared non-grafted, self-grafted, and rootstock-grafted (TZ148, Cremna, Maximus) plants. Self-grafted plants accumulated the highest root Mg (0.095 µg/g), while non-grafted plants retained excessive Fe in roots (15.80 µg/g). In contrast, Maximus rootstock reduced root Fe (7.68 µg/g) and enhanced fruit Mg (0.414 µg/g), Fe (22.91 µg/g), and B (3.63 µg/g), while Cremna promoted higher S in fruit (0.640 µg/g). Random Forest models classified grafting combinations based on tissue nutrient profiles, identifying S, B, and Mg as the most discriminative features, supported by SHAP and PCA analyses. Overall, results show that grafting—especially with Maximus and Cremna rootstocks—optimizes nutrient allocation and fruit mineral quality. Integrating machine learning with physiological data provides a robust approach for improving rootstock-scion selection in sustainable cucumber production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seher Toprak, Ömer Faruk Coşkun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Willow (Salix spp.) Clones to Salinity Stress in Semi-Arid Conditions: Identifying Salt-Tolerant Genotypes for Sustainable Land Use
Salinity stress presents a significant challenge to plant productivity, especially in semi-arid regions where soil degradation intensifies due to climate change and unsustainable irrigation practices. This study evaluated ten willow (Salix spp.) clones exposed to increasing irrigation salinity levels (4–16 dS/m) to investigate their physiological and biochemical responses over a 105-day period. Key stress indicators—including relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), relative stress injury (RSI), proline accumulation, lipid peroxidation (MDA), and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD)—were measured to assess clone performance. Clone 131/25 consistently outperformed the others, showing higher RWC, less negative Ψw and Ψs, lower RSI and MDA levels, and increased proline, SOD, and POD activities. Clones J799 and SI-64-017 also displayed strong adaptive traits. These genotypes demonstrated superior osmotic adjustment, reduced oxidative stress, and maintained chlorophyll content under salinity, indicating the presence of effective tolerance mechanisms. Correlation analysis confirmed strong positive relationships between survival, growth, proline, and antioxidant activity, as well as negative correlations with RSI and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio. The results identify 131/25, J799, and SI-64-017 as promising candidates for cultivation on salt-affected lands and for use in agroforestry, bioenergy, and ecological restoration programmes. These findings support their deployment in climate-resilient, sustainable land management in saline-prone semi-arid regions
Copyright (c) 2025 Neha Saini, Dr. T.N. Manohara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In vitro minimal growth and pollen cryostorage as an approach to restoration of threatened forest tree species, Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz
Planting tree species is a sustainable approach to achieve landscape restoration but maintaining the diverse native flora of the region being restored is also very crucial to guarantee balanced representation by all species. Many tree species are facing threat to existence in their natural habitats owing to land degradation, competition and anthropological activities. Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae), is one of those species which is categorized as threatened due to overexploitation combined with poor seed set, rare pollinators and low seed viability. Hence the plant needs to be conserved through appropriate strategies and in vitro conservation of germplasm in the form of plant cultures and pollen grains offers a suitable alternative. The research presented here describes the effect of culture medium modifications on medium term storage of cultures in O. indicum as well as methods for cryostorage of pollens from the species. For minimal growth, modifications in the form of decreased macronutrients (1/2 and 1/4), increased sucrose (5%) and use of mannitol (1%) in the medium were done. The shoot length and leaf number decreased during minimal growth treatments with respect to control and could be proliferated again in regrowth medium comprising of Murashige and Skoog’s growth medium along with kinetin and glutamine in 0.5 mg L-1and 25 mg L-1 concentration, respectively. For pollen conservation, initial moisture of the collected pollens was determined as 28% and viability was almost 100% when germinated on in vitro medium containing boric acid, chlorides of calcium and potassium, magnesium sulfate, and sucrose. The pollens could be stored for 3-6 months in -196oC temperature and remain 55% and 20% viable after three and six months, respectively. The findings will help devise methods to proper management of germplasm resources in this species through ex situ conservation so that the conserved plants can be reintroduced into degraded natural habitat of the species. Since the species has wide uses and has been utilized by traditional Indian communities, conserving its population would ultimately also benefit livelihoods of people associated with it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shambhavi Yadav, Kumari Priya, Priyanka Kandari, Ajay Thakur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Histochemical and Anatomical Studies of three Bambusa taxa
India's rich diversity of bamboo species plays a key role in the global bamboo industry. Bamboo is ecologically and economically important to the nation's development and has been used in construction and as a raw material for various industries. The present study investigates the anatomical, histochemical, and fiber properties beneficial for pulp and paper industries of three taxa, viz., Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. var. striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Gamble, B. wamin E.G. Camus, and B. vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. The three taxa exhibited anatomical (viz., vascular bundle) and histochemical (viz., starch deposition) differences. The presence of thick-walled spindle-like parenchymatous fibers in B. wamin was responsible for the belly-like swellings of the culms. B. vulgaris had the longest mean fiber length (3364.68 ± 275.86 μm) and the thinnest wall (6.63 ± 1.8 μm), while B. vulgaris var. striata had the highest fiber width (23.07 ± 0.91 μm). B. vulgaris exhibited greater fiber length variation and more favorable fiber indices, including Runkel ratio, flexibility coefficient, and slenderness ratio, compared to B. vulgaris var. striata and B. wamin. B. vulgaris var. striata showed high fiber resistance to beating, poor digestibility, and low strength-related indices, while B. wamin displayed intermediate fiber qualities with higher sheet density potential. Overall, B. vulgaris proved most suitable for pulp and paper production owing to superior fiber characteristics that enhance pulp yield and paper strength properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 ASHUTOSH PATHAK, Praveen K. Verma, Himani Prabhakar, Ankur Prajapati, Vijay Sharma, Dheeraj Kumar, Harshita Mishra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Forest Flora of Haryana: An Annotated Checklist
Floristic composition across diverse geographic regions naturally changes over time naturally at a slower pace. However, the ongoing anthropogenic activities significantly impact these changes, usually towards negative side. This makes systematic monitoring crucial for effective protection of diversity and sustainable management. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) underlines the significance of periodic biodiversity assessments. Prevailing Forest Floras provide vital information on regional woody plant species, but due to enduring ecological shifts, updated documentation is obligatory for adaptive strategies. In Haryana, floristic studies date back to the 19th century, with contributions from several botanists and institutions over the years. In spite of various scattered studies on the region’s plant diversity, all-inclusive data on the forest flora of Haryana has been lacking. The current checklist treatises this gap by documenting 512 species of angiosperms and gymnosperms found in Haryana's forests, including 227 tree species, 203 shrubs, and 82 climbers. This work forms a strong baseline for future floristic research, conservation efforts, and sustainable utilization of the state’s forest biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2025 PhytoTalks https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dwindling Field Botanists at the Cost of Wet Lab Fundings in India: A Threat to Botanical Science and Biodiversity Conservation
India, known for its vast biodiversity and rich plant heritage, has traditionally depended on field botanists for the exploration, documentation, and preservation of its flora. Yet, in recent years, there has been a troubling decline in field botany research in India has far-reaching consequences for biodiversity conservation and ecological understanding. As funding shifts towards molecular biology and biotechnology, the critical work of documenting and preserving plant species in their natural habitats is being neglected. This trend not only hampers the discovery of new species but also limits our ability to monitor and protect existing ones. The loss of traditional botanical knowledge, passed down through generations of field botanists, further exacerbates the problem, potentially leading to gaps in our understanding of plant ecology, distribution, and interactions within ecosystems. The implications of this shift extend beyond academic circles, affecting various sectors including agriculture, medicine, and environmental management. Without comprehensive field studies, our ability to identify and utilize beneficial plant properties for pharmaceutical development or crop improvement is severely limited. Moreover, the lack of up-to-date botanical data hinders effective conservation strategies and ecosystem management plans. To address these issues, it is crucial to implement policy changes that promote a balanced approach between field and laboratory sciences. This may include allocating dedicated funding for field botany research, integrating traditional botanical methods with modern technologies, and fostering collaboration between field botanists and molecular biologists to create a more holistic understanding of plant biodiversity in India.
Ethnobotanical Comparison of Ocimum sanctum L. and Croton bonplandianus Baill.: Insights into their Traditional and Medicinal Uses
Ocimum sanctum L. also referred to as Tulsi, and Croton bonplandianus Baill., commonly referred to as Ban Tulsi or Jungle Tulsi, are two powerful medicinal herbs deeply rooted in traditional medicine, especially within the Indian subcontinent. This comprehensive review delves into the ethnobotanical properties and pharmacological activities of these remarkable plants. Tulsi, often hailed as the "Queen of Herbs," has long been revered for its versatile therapeutic characteristics. It is traditionally utilized to address a wide array of health issues, including chronic fever, dysentery, haemorrhage, vomiting, eye disorders, respiratory infections, diabetes, and gastric and hepatic disorders. Furthermore, Tulsi exhibits antifertility, anti-inflammatory, radiation protection, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, as well as antifungal characteristics, making it a truly multifaceted medicinal herb. On the other hand, Jungle Tulsi is sought after for its efficacy in treating skin diseases, hypertension, wounds, diabetes, cancer, constipation, abdominal dropsy, and various infectious disorders. Like Tulsi, Jungle Tulsi also showcases a broad variety of pharmacological activities, that includes antifungal, hepatoprotective, wound healing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given pressing challenge of multidrug-resistant microbial strains, the exploration of novel plant-based antimicrobial agents is more crucial than ever. Tulsi and Jungle Tulsi emerge as promising sources due to their broad-spectrum pharmacological activities. However, further research, including clinical trials and mechanistic studies, is essential to fully unravel the therapeutic potential of these herbs and to develop standardized, safe, and effective herbal formulations.
Plant epigenetics: What it is and role in herbal field
Plant epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence itself. These changes are often triggered by environmental conditions and can affect plant development, stress responses, and adaptation. Epigenetics plays a crucial role in how plants regulate gene activity over time and across generations. Unlike animals, plants can pass on epigenetic information more frequently through both mitosis and meiosis. Epigenetics plays a vital role in plant biology by regulating gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. This allows plants to respond flexibly and efficiently to both internal developmental signals and external environmental conditions. In this article, the significance of plant epigenetics is explained in the fields of herbals, drug discovery and applications in crop improvement.